As far as fire protection and rescue safety protection is concerned, it mainly includes tactics, technology, and equipment. Here, I am just learning about communication tactics with everyone, and it involves the precautions of building fires.

First, it is easy to cause internal attack on the soldiers

Here, only the situations that are likely to cause injury to the officers and soldiers in the building fire suppression are analyzed. According to the analysis of fire cases in recent years, the occurrence frequency and probability are higher in the following situations:

(a) The collapse of the building

November 3, 2003 Hengyang Hampshire Building fire, building collapse caused 20 fire officers and soldiers sacrifice. This is also the case in which the number of soldiers and soldiers killed by our fires has been the highest since the collapse of buildings in the past 10 years. The collapse of the building is characterized by a sudden burst of life and difficulty in the escape of people. At the scene, in addition to being affected by the burning time and temperature, there are natural or man-made factors that can cause a collapse accident to occur at any time, and the precursors to collapse are not obvious, allowing people to escape very quickly. January 2, 2015, South Harbin ceramics market Hoon This fire five people sacrifice, casualties were also quite heavy.

(b) Shelf collapsed

February 1, 2012, the Suzhou Industrial Park, the production of electronic components company fire fighters Sun Mao Hui sacrifice. High shelves in shopping malls and warehouses can easily collapse in fires. The shelf height of logistics warehouses is generally more than 30 meters. The range of water guns is not enough, and the firefighters have a high risk of ascending water. Some shelves do not have towing protection in the horizontal direction. The gradual collapse of the shelves will cause the "domino" effect.

(c) Falling injuries

The falling objects on the fire field come from two aspects. On the one hand, the fire fighting equipment carried, transported and laid by the officers and soldiers is not firmly fixed or accidentally detached, causing the combatants to be injured; on the other hand, the internal components of the building, decorative materials, and glass Falling of objects causes the combatants to be injured. On this point, brick and wood structure fires are the most typical. Once wooden components are burned through, the internal gunners are vulnerable to falling objects when they are unclear.

(4) Electrocution injury

The officers and soldiers entered the building. Under the smoky atmosphere, the combatants would probably touch bare electrical lines, or the jets' jets would hit charged devices, causing electric shock. Most of the electrical and electronic equipment or wires in some buildings in offices and residences are 220V voltages, and they are in short contact and are less dangerous. Like the three items of electricity used in workshops, factories, warehouses and other buildings, or high-voltage electricity, it is sticky. It is very dangerous to die or die.

(five) lost direction

In search of rescue personnel, reconnaissance, and extinguishing fires in areas with large smoke-filled areas or in complex interior structures, if they lose their way, most of them will cause air respirators to run out of gas, causing suffocation and death. For example: September 3, 2014, Baishan City, with the benefit of wrapping paper wholesale warehouse fire department cases.

(vi) The steel structure and the steel member roof will quickly collapse in a short time

January 1, 2013, Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou Friends of a mechanic workshop fire, three soldiers died. Steel building components reach a certain temperature, and its strength will be lost as the temperature changes. When the temperature reaches 350 °C , the intensity loses 1/3 . At 500 °C , the intensity loses 1/2 . At 600 °C , the intensity loses 2/3 . What makes us very distressed is that these reference values ​​do not necessarily follow this routine. It may be very dangerous when steel components suddenly collapse.

(7) Equipment failure

Mainly refers to the air exhaust device exhausted by us wearing gas, communication interruptions, life-saving lighting lines, guide rope buried pressure or blown, instrument failure and other unexpected circumstances, causing the accident occurred in the firefighters. For example: In 2005 August 7, Shantou City, Guangdong Province with chemical store of fire, the soldiers Xu Xiaobin, including attack, air respirator mask scratched leak, inhalation of toxic gases sacrifice cases.

Then, after analysing these situations that are likely to cause injury to the officers and men during the building fire suppression, we will consider these issues and the unfavorable conditions that may be encountered on the fire. Inside attack? How to implement internal attack? How to effectively evade the casualties of officers and soldiers during internal attacks?

Second, the purpose of the building fire in the attack (Why go?)

The purpose of the internal attack is to solve the most critical and critical issues in the fire. Intra-attack is the most important tactical operation that achieves the key fundamental success in building fire fighting. In other words, to deal with a fire, the internal attack task is completed, and it can basically be said that the fire suppression is successful. When we are fighting a fire together, we always want to achieve a comprehensive and perfect victory. At this time, it is unscientific and objective. The People’s Liberation Army proposed to “win a win” several years ago. Our firefighting forces also followed suit and shouted: Pulling, rushing, and winning. After that no longer see the next article. Let's look at the People's Liberation Army again. People are further studying in depth how to obtain the victory of local war under modern high-tech conditions. This concept is scientific, objective, and highly feasible. The same is true for our firefighting and rescue operations. It is too difficult for fire fighting to get full marks. Not to mention fire fighting. Everyone thinks that the fire extinguishing plans that we have made are all designed to meet the needs of a variety of ideal conditions. When we encounter inspections or assessments, we will be detained with many points. A sudden and complicated fire scene? Therefore, the criteria for judging the success of fire fighting should not be too harsh. Especially for building fires, the use of internal attack tactics is good, and fire extinguishment is very good. Otherwise, even subsequent case reports and comment summaries can't be heard. When you come to the truth, you don't see much real thing.

Above, we analyzed the sacrifices of officers and soldiers in recent years. At the same time, we also analyzed several situations that are likely to cause internal attackers to injure. Then, why should we not enter in the face of these dangerous buildings? What requires us to go deep inside the fire to storm melee? Well, let's take a look at:

(a) What determines the necessity of internal attack?

From the point of view of our equipment, the effective range of the fire squirt gun is about 15 meters , and the range of the on- board water gun is not more than a hundred meters far. It is not close to the inside of the building. How can the fire be extinguished and saved? Also, according to fire statistics, 85% of all fires are building fires, and construction fires are not open. We cannot push equipment side by side as if fighting a forest or grassland fire. We can only have obvious fire extinguishing effects through stairs through the walkways, or through the doors, windows, and balconies that enter the interior to fight the fire. Therefore, the answer is: Equipment and the operational environment determine that fighting a building fire must attack a melee.

(b) What are the key issues to tackle within the attack? (In other words, what did you do when you entered?)

1 , fire reconnaissance. In relation to business theory, we may be overwhelmed by the fact that the method of fire detection is external observation, internal reconnaissance, inquiring of insiders, use of fire control room monitoring, and instrument detection; fire reconnaissance is mainly to find out whether there are people trapped or burning substances. Whether or not there is live equipment, the characteristics of the building structure, whether there are explosive poisonous articles, and important parts and materials that need protection. Moreover, fire reconnaissance runs through the entire process of fire suppression. This is what it is like to learn. What about practice? It can be said that this is a very critical step in the fight against fire. A considerable number of grassroots squadron commanders arrived at the fire scene and most of them did not follow the procedure. They also ignored the reconnaissance link. There are two factors in my conclusion here. First commanders believe the fire is small, the disaster is not complicated enough to deal with past experience, simplify simplifying, reconnaissance before the fire into the fire --- inspection after cleaning up the scene; the second is often able to touch To "three not allowed." Want to carry out fire reconnaissance, government leaders do not allow, the masses do not allow, media opinion is not allowed. The leaders and the masses who arrived at the scene will not give you time to go through the process of reconnaissance. They only stare at the smoke and the fire. The onlookers and the reporters' pictures will be sent to the internet soon. The public opinion of media will become tainted. In particular, interference from government leaders is not a good solution. In order to solve this problem, the Jilin Provincial Party Corps asked the provincial government in 2011 to issue a "Circular on Clearly Identifying the Commanding Right of Combat Fire at Site." Some people may want to say: This is nothing new. On the issue of “establishing the on-site command and command authority”, there are provisions in some laws and regulations and in the “fighting rules on duty”. Do not underestimate the role of this document. The government leaders will not turn over our “fighting tactics on duty.” They cannot see, hear, or think of it. We will not ask him to print a document and they will all know it.

2 , evacuation to save people. The new Article 4 of the “Fighting Order on Duty” stipulates that: The public security fire-fighting force shall perform the task of “save the people first, and provide scientific rescue” in carrying out the tasks of fire fighting and emergency rescue. The old "Operational Battle Order" stipulated: The public security fire-fighting force must implement the guiding ideology of "saving people first and accurately, rapidly, and concentrating troops to fight annihilation" in combat operations. From the comparison between the two, the old and new “Doctrine” insists on “saving people first” and this is consistent. The new "letter" was written in "Science for Rescue." This guiding ideology focuses on saving people first, and at the same time emphasizes scientific action and conforms to the people-centered concept. It can be said that our concept of extinguishing fires has gone through several difficult transformations, from "seeing the fire first," to "saving people first," and then "scientific rescue," and its pace is still a bit slower. .

There are many ways to save people on the scene of a fire and there are many ways to rescue them. We will not list them one by one here. It is worth reminding everyone that during the rescue of the fire scene, it is also necessary to determine the transfer of trapped people according to the site conditions and they cannot be rescued immediately. Don’t be hard-lined. We must actively seek ways to improve the environment of trapped people. For example: Find a safe place, water gun cover, on-site first aid, equipped with his rescue mask and so on. This process, tentatively called "preemptive rescue," is very important.

3 , attack the fire. After the first amount of motive power arrives, the commander must organize and carry out internal attacks decisively and unswervingly to directly extinguish the fire. Since the smoke and fire just started, the fire is in the early stages of development or development. Do not assume that it is a bungalow or that the fire is on the second or third floor. Within the range of the water gun, this method of “high-hanging and high-hanging” must incur losses. The first battle to control fire is the key to success in firefighting.

4 , cover depth. Under the cover of water guns, we must actively organize evacuation of personnel and valuable materials. I do not know whether or not everyone has such a discovery. Some of the teaching methods in our textbooks are summarized through actual combat. For example, to conquer fire fighting operations, the combatants are divided into three groups to establish water separation positions and train techniques and tactics such as water supply, cover-up, and storm-strike; 100- meter- level ground attack operations are conducted. The training is the extension of water gun positions, and the attacks are shielded. In the meantime, more targeted training will be conducted, and at a crucial moment, creative use will be made.

5. Key breakthroughs. Breakthroughs are the tactics of the fire field in order to complete the relatively arduous task of eliminating dangers, organizing the elite forces, selecting the best equipment, and adopting a precise method for storming. We see that the guarantee is to achieve "three finesses." The purpose is to complete the "difficulty of risk- relief tasks" --- closing of valves, eliminating explosions, eliminating dangerous sources, etc. That means a solution to the problem.

Third, the requirements of the success of the building fire in the attack (how to get in?)

(I) The timing of internal attack must be selected

In the early stages of the fire, it is the best time to go deep into the building to storm. Simple and basically accurate, there are three favorable conditions for fire fighting within the fire scene at this time. Which three? The smoke inside is small, the fire inside is small, and the people inside are alive. At this time, it is also the best time to use the fire control room to carry out fire reconnaissance and start its internal fire-fighting facilities to assist in extinguishing the fire. Otherwise, after a while, these automatic fire-fighting facilities will be burned and scrapped, and will not help. This requires the first group to reach the fire, the first task is to seize the fighter to implement the attack.

(B) The course of attack should be selected

Where does the attack come from? Where is the starting point for the attack? We can analyze and study from different building types and different types of places:

1. A fire occurs in a high-rise building. According to the internal layout of the building, a fire-fighting elevator can be reasonably selected, and evacuation stairs and climbing equipment can be used as an offensive route to reach the offensive starting point (the next floor or the next two floors of the fire floor).

2. Fires occur in large-span, large-space factory buildings, warehouses, or cold storage buildings. Usually, the entrances or windows that are close to the fire point or the upper side winds are used as the offensive starting point.

3 , underground building fire, usually choose to evacuation stairs, escalators as a means of attack, with underground light building entrance, but also through the daylight as an offensive path, the starting point of attack should choose less smoke upwind or side wind entrance.

4. There is a fire in the building where the public gathers, and according to the site environment, evacuation stairs, elevators, open stairs and mobile climbing equipment are selected as the means of attack. The offensive starting point can be flexibly set on the fire exit or fire floor.

(c) The power of internal attack must be selected

According to the actual needs of the fire field to deploy a certain number of attack groups. It should be noted that it is not necessary to rush to mobilize many people and many people. This does not necessarily solve the problem. We must select the "fine soldier" according to the situation on the spot. We will start with a well-known battle slogan to discuss how the strength of the attack group is more reasonable at the fire scene. A slogan was put forward for the offensive and conspiracy group: "Operation 100 meters deep , and stick to the position for one hour." Until now, those who hold negative and questioning attitudes still account for the majority. In fact, responsible for building the crucial task in the fire attack group, stick to one hour is possible, if we can stick a little longer and combat the effect will be better. This involves the issue of replacing a hard-working team member. I think so. In the past, the attack group entered the inside, especially through the stairs to the high-level offensive point. Carrying the equipment and starting the battle has already consumed a part of the physical strength. The later-replaced attack team also faced such problems. The group adhered to the position, and the late attack team took the energy to transport and add fire-fighting equipment and personal protective equipment. Moreover, the early-entry storm team has become familiar with the internal environment and has mastered the development of the fire situation, which outweighs the disadvantages of fighting fires.

(d) In-flight equipment must be selected

In foreign countries, there are some developed countries that implement modularization of equipment integration. Equipment used for various types of fire fighting and rescue is placed in small containers. The fighting vehicles are empty. After receiving an alarm, what type of fire fighting and rescue is placed in the vehicle? Modules (for example: building fires, chemical fires, rescues, etc.). We can't reach this point right now. Basically we are transporting all our homes to the scene. Advanced or backward, it is necessary to wear personal protective equipment and carry lifesaving, detection, lighting, and communications equipment in the fire. In short, we must consider all, choose the right and bring enough. Do not belittle, equipment and equipment are often necessary conditions to determine the successful use of fire fighting tactics, because the vast majority of new tactical methods are emerging with equipment and equipment updates. In recent years, we have equipped the city's main vehicle jointly developed by the Corps and Changchun FAW. Its appearance has enabled the water supply of bicycles to reach over 100 meters in height, 350 meters for compressed air bubbles , and more than 1,000 meters for long-distance water supply . We are equipped with Finnish Bo The wave climber raised the height of 101 meters . In the past, when fighting high-level fires, we did not have equipment. People could not go up, equipment could not go up, and fire extinguishing agents could not go up. We can only solve problems by hand on shoulders. Then, the emergence of new situations and new objects requires the provision of new equipment, and the deployment of new equipment and its matching tactical methods must naturally be innovative.

(5) The conditions for internal attack must be selected

In a building that catches fire, no matter what kind of location it is, the situation inside it is very complicated. If you want to achieve results through internal attack, you must have multiple hardware conditions to guarantee it. While attacking, we must provide support and support in tactics such as lighting, communication, smoke exhaust, water supply, and demolition. Well, the most unsatisfactory of these conditions should be smoke and water supply.

1 , first talk about smoke. Others did not mention it, saying only one "necessary" and one "no." A "necessity" is to find a way to create a "single line" for the flow of smoke on the fire, and to take effective combat actions to create this condition. This formulation is somewhat similar to the traffic police's terminology. It is actually an effective, orderly control and restriction of the flow of smoke; a "do not" means that the closure of the smoke exhaust window has serious consequences. Smoke tumbling and spewing out. At this time, if using water cannons and water guns to suppress, then a large number of high-temperature smoke can not be excreted and poured back into the building. The consequence is that the trapped people are worse off and the search and rescue personnel are unable to move.

2. Let's talk about water supply. In fact, to a simple point of view, the battle zone on the fire field is divided into the front and rear, the front is to extinguish fire, save people, behind the water supply, material security. The rear is the key and it is the life-saving straw ahead. In the past few years, I have also accumulated some small tactics in the grassroots troops' supply of water from the fire field. Some of them used one vehicle to fight, two vehicles to block, and three vehicles to make up; some were main vehicles that did not move, large-tonnage direct supply, and water. Tanker moves. Regardless of the method used, the combatants enter the interior of the burning building, the water must keep pace with it, and the water supply must be guaranteed.

Fourth, adverse factors affecting the intrusion of building fires

Modern fires are characterized by urgency, difficulty, danger and heavy weight. The presence of smoke, high temperature, noise, corrosiveness, radioactivity, and toxic substances has increased the difficulty of firefighters fighting fires, and has also created great difficulties for those who have made in-depth attacks.

(A) The impact of smoke on the internal attack

In addition to water vapor and carbon dioxide, smoke usually contains toxic gases such as carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide. (The smoke from chemical combustion is another matter) What are the hazards of these substances? The first is poisoning and suffocation of people. In the modern building installation, a large number of new construction materials and polymer composite materials are used. When these substances are burned, a large amount of toxic and irritating gases are produced, which have the effect of stimulating, paralyzing, and suffocating the human body and can seriously threaten the lives of firefighters. Safety. More than 70% of the deaths from fires usually result from smoke and poisonous gas. The second is that high temperature smoke can cause injuries. Some officers and men are biased in their understanding and feel that the smoke is a bit sullen or suffocating. wrong! Flue gases in combustion products, including water vapor, carry a lot of heat, and people are easily burned in this hot, hot and humid environment. Third, smoke affects sight. Fires in buildings often cause damage to the electrical lines or artificial power cuts, reducing the visibility of the fire. The fumes produced by the burning smoke containing transparent or opaque substances all have the ability to block light, trap the trapped people in the dark, lose their vision, and cause difficulties and disadvantages in extinguishing the fire and evacuating people. The fourth is to become a factor in the development and spread of fire. Carbon monoxide in incomplete combustion products mixes with air and can continue to burn and explode. Smoke travels up the stairs, shafts, etc. at a speed of 3-4 m / s under the convection of air . Some people have done tests and calculations. In a high-rise building of 100 meters , fire smoke can spread from the ground to the roof in 25 to 33 seconds. The speed of spread can be imagined. In addition, the smoke has high heat energy, which may cause new fire points due to convection or heat radiation, and may even cause a flaming fire to ignite.

To this end, in-house attackers must prepare for adequate protection: wear air-ventilators for anti-virus, bright light, use thermal imager to locate fire spots, cool smoke, water guns to shield attack, etc. to prevent smoke Harm to come.

(II) Impact of fire resistance limit of building components on infighting

On the fire field, judging whether the building components meet or exceed the fire-resistance limit can be observed and determined from three aspects: temperature, load-carrying capacity, and time. There are many people engaged in research in this area are always accustomed to split the three points. In essence, from the perspective of fire fighting, the three are best to knead together for analysis and research. The longer the material is burned in a fire, the greater the threat to the structures. For this reason, the commander not only judges whether the building components have changed in the fire field, but also has a series of factors such as the characteristics of the burning material, the danger of the fire, the social influence, and the state of the burning building. Therefore, the commander must be able to see clearly, think correctly, calculate the order and then issue further in-depth attacks to ensure the safety of officers and soldiers.

(3) The influence of the psychological status of combatants on the implementation of internal attacks

Mainly refers to the psychological panic caused by the attacking and defensive team members on the fire field, which has a certain impact on the internal attack. It is because of what circumstances caused panic, to analyze:

One is the low visibility that causes psychological panic. When people are unable to see the surrounding objects, the diminished sense of sensitivity means that they lose the correct judgments on things, cause mental stress, and rise in fear, and cannot completely control their thinking and emotions, resulting in errors. the behavior of. Reduce operational efficiency, and even life is threatened.

The second is high temperature causing psychological panic. In the event of a fire in the building, the temperature of the fire site rose rapidly and the local temperature reached several hundred degrees. According to relevant data, when a building fire occurs, under the conditions of full combustion, the generated flue gas takes away a large amount of heat, accounting for more than 30% of the heat generated by the combustion , and the temperature can reach 300 - 700 °C . Not to mention such a high temperature, scientifically proven: people in the environment of 100 °C temperature , without any protection that will appear collapse phenomenon, loss of ability to escape. In the case of in-service personnel, the panic's psychology led to a rapid evacuation and failed to complete the task of firefighting and rescue.

Third, the complex situation in the fire caused psychological panic. Under normal circumstances, the internal attack is performed only after a certain time of fire. The situation of external combustion, the unknown of the internal environment, and the variability of fire development directly affect the confidence of internal attackers. From a certain point of view, various unexpected situations may arise at any time in the crisis of entering the fire. In such an environment Can not form a foresee. In addition, there are other factors, such as seeing the body. People who have lost their lives in a fire are often burned beyond recognition, and their limbs are deformed. As a result, they can directly impact the combat personnel and cause psychological panic.

In response to the stress psychological barriers that the officers and men on the fire scene, our adaptive training under the conditions of high temperature, heavy smoke, darkness, lack of oxygen, and terror is not enough. There are still many areas that cannot be kept up with, mainly in terms of funding, site protection, awareness orientation, and so on. In the future, psychological training in the fire field should be used as a key training subject for firefighters.

In short, the internal attack is the most critical and most effective tactical method for fighting building fires, and it is also a hard-fighting combat action. Every time our officers and men go deep into the fire scene, they must face a test of life and death. How to make good use of internal attack tactics in building fire suppression, how to do a good job of security protection for commanders and soldiers, we need to continue to learn and continue to gather experience in actual combat to better deal with. People often say: "It's easy to do things." Here, I just combined some fire scenes and summed up the points for reference only.

This article is reproduced from the WeChat public number: emergency management and fire safety.