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Black phosphorus will be another new two-dimensional semiconductor to replace silicon
In recent years, two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as a promising direction in semiconductor research due to their exceptional electrical and optical properties. Following the groundbreaking discoveries of graphene and molybdenum disulfide, a new player has entered the scene: black phosphorus. This material, recently studied by Professor Zhang Yuanbo from Fudan University’s Department of Physics, has shown great potential to replace traditional silicon in future electronic circuits.
Black phosphorus is a layered 2D crystal made up of single atomic layers stacked on top of each other. Unlike graphene, which lacks a bandgap and thus cannot easily switch between conducting and insulating states, black phosphorus possesses a semiconductor bandgap. This makes it ideal for use in digital logic circuits where on/off switching is essential.
The discovery of black phosphorus was initially sparked by a conversation with Professor Chen Xianhui from the University of Science and Technology of China. Two years ago, when he mentioned that they had successfully grown black phosphorus, Professor Zhang felt an intuitive sense that this material could be a game-changer. And indeed, after further research, they found that black phosphorus exhibits remarkable semiconductor properties, including high electron mobility (~1000 cm²/Vs) and excellent current modulation—up to 10,000 times better than graphene.
One of the most exciting features of black phosphorus is its direct bandgap nature. As shown in the image, the conduction band minimum and valence band maximum align at the same point in momentum space. This allows electrons to transition between bands by simply absorbing light energy, making black phosphorus highly suitable for optoelectronic applications such as photodetectors and light sensors that can operate across a wide spectrum, from visible to near-infrared.
Moreover, black phosphorus has demonstrated superior performance compared to other 2D materials like molybdenum disulfide. Its unique combination of electrical and optical properties opens up new possibilities for next-generation electronics and optoelectronics.
While these early results are promising, researchers like Professor Zhang Yuanbo emphasize that much remains to be explored. The material is still in its infancy, and there are many unanswered questions about its behavior at the atomic level. For instance, scientists are now investigating whether black phosphorus can be exfoliated into single-layer sheets and what unique properties those monolayers might exhibit.
Looking ahead, the team at Fudan University plans to continue improving the quality of black phosphorus samples and exploring its full potential. With ongoing research, black phosphorus may soon play a key role in shaping the future of nanoelectronics and optoelectronics.