The factory is not necessarily far from the residential area

After the Tianjin bombings, one of the first questions was: Why are dangerous chemical plants built not far from residential areas?

On this issue, it needs to be clear that not all dangerous chemical plants in foreign countries are far from residential areas.

Take the PX project factory as an example. According to media reports, there are no hard and fast standards in the international market for the number of kilometers a PX project must be separated from the city. How much distance a project and residential area maintains depends more on external conditions such as upstream and downstream industrial chain distance, transportation convenience and land area. Many large foreign PX plants are very close to the local residential areas.

The United States is the world's second-largest PX producer. The manufacturers are densely distributed in southern states such as Texas and Florida. Among them, the 12-square-mile campus of the Houston Petrochemical Industrial Park has a number of large PX plants with a total capacity of more than 7 million tons per year. . The world's largest production base for PX is only 1.2 kilometers from the nearest town.

The PX production base in the Netherlands, the largest PX producer in Europe, is concentrated in the Rotterdam Chemical Park, which was built in 1998 by Exxon-Mobil with an annual production capacity of 350,000 tons of PX units, which is only 300 meters from the nearest residential area.

Regulation and system are the key to ensuring safety

If the hazardous chemical plant is not necessarily far from the residential area, strict supervision and strict system are the basic guarantees of safety.

Japan does not only have strict safety inspections for large chemical companies, but also imposes strict restrictions on the location of factories according to relevant laws. The first priority is to protect the environment and the safety of surrounding residents.

In 1959, Japan enacted the Factory Layout Law, the most recent revision was in 2010. The law aims to ensure that site selection protects the environment and ensures economic development and public safety. The law stipulates that the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry should listen to expert opinions in advance, and investigate whether the factory layout is reasonable and how to prevent pollution.

Specifically, when building a factory, the Japanese government needs to investigate the residential area in the area beforehand to collect data such as topography, geology, other natural conditions, water use, and transportation conditions. Separate surveys are also required for manufacturing, power companies, natural gas companies and major factories for heating companies.

In Japan, a factory equipped with a smoke exhaust facility, a sewage discharge facility, a noise generation facility, a dust generation facility, and a vibration generation facility is called a specific factory. New “special factories” or factory buildings must be reported to the local government in detail.

If it is judged that the construction of a new "special factory" may cause damage to the surrounding area, or according to local government regulations, it may be possible to interfere with the construction of the factory by judging that it may cause obstacles to the surrounding living environment.

Must ensure that the information is transparent

Another key means of ensuring security is the openness and transparency of information.

In 1974, two safety accidents occurred in Seveso, Italy, which shocked Europe, especially the German that was dominated by chemicals at that time. In 1980, Germany promulgated the "Chemical Accidents Regulations", which stipulated in detail that enterprises have obligations such as safety management and information reporting. The government has the obligation to supervise and prevent other chain reactions. Citizens have the right to know relevant information in a timely manner. The list is now revised in the 12th edition of the Ordinance.

The Seveso accident also directly promoted the European Community's 1982 directive for major accidents in specific industry activities, which was later called the Seveso Directive.

According to the Directive, Member States are obliged to ensure that factories with hazardous substances maintain a certain distance from residential areas by controlling the location of new enterprises, existing corporate rectification and other development plans.

The third edition of the Seveso Directive was introduced in 2012, and more technical indicators have been updated. For example, the official is required to disclose information to residents, and it is obliged to inform the surrounding companies of potential safety hazards and to popularize the response measures when the accident occurs. At least one professional safety assessment and inspection is conducted every year, and public supervision power is introduced in the land use planning.

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