Instruments are instruments or equipment used to detect, measure, observe, and calculate various physical quantities, material compositions, physical parameters, and the like. Vacuum leak detectors, pressure gauges, length measuring instruments, microscopes, multipliers, etc. are all instruments. Broadly speaking, instrumentation can also have functions such as automatic control, alarm, signal transmission and data processing, such as pneumatic adjustment instruments used in the automatic control of industrial production processes, and electric adjustment instruments, as well as distributed instrument control systems. Instrumentation. Instrumentation can improve, expand or complement human faculties. People use the sensory organs to see, hear, taste, and touch external things, while instruments such as microscopes, telescopes, sound level meters, acid meters, pyrometers, etc. can improve and expand these functions of humans; in addition, some instruments such as magnetic strength Meters, ray counters, etc. can sense and measure physical quantities that are not felt by human sensory organs; some instruments can record, calculate, and count more than human capabilities, such as high-speed cameras, computers, and the like. Instrumentation has a long history of development. According to "Han Feizi has Degree", China has used a guide instrument made of natural magnets during the Warring States Period, called Sinan. Ancient instruments were mostly simple instruments used for orientation, timing, or metrology for a long period of time. In the 17th and 18th centuries, some physicists in Europe began to use the principle of current and magnetic field force to make a simple galvanometer. The telescope made of optical lens laid the foundation for electrical and optical instruments. Other instruments for measurement and observation have also gradually evolved. From the 19th century to the 20th century, the industrial revolution and modern mass production promoted the development of new disciplines and new technologies. Later, electronic computers and space technologies emerged, and instruments and instruments were rapidly developed. Modern instrumentation has become an indispensable technical tool for measuring, controlling and automating. Instrumentation is a comprehensive product of a variety of science and technology, a wide variety, widely used, and constantly updated, there are a variety of classification methods. According to the purpose of use and use, there are mainly measuring instruments, automobile instruments, tractor instruments, marine instruments, aviation instruments, navigation instruments, driving instruments, radio test instruments, carrier microwave test instruments, geological exploration test instruments, building materials test instruments, Seismic test instruments, geodetic survey instruments, hydrological instruments, timing instruments, agricultural test instruments, commercial test instruments, teaching instruments, medical instruments, environmental protection instruments, etc. Instruments belonging to the mechanical industry products include industrial automation instruments, electrical instruments, optical instruments, analytical instruments, laboratory instruments and devices, material testing machines, meteorological instruments, film machinery, photographic machinery, copying micro-machines, instrumentation and metering elements. There are thirteen categories of devices, instrumentation materials, instrumentation and process equipment. They are more versatile, larger in volume, or necessary for the instrumentation industry. Various types of instruments and meters can be further divided into several sub-categories or sub-categories according to different characteristics, such as functions, detection and control objects, structures, and principles. For example, industrial automation instruments can be divided into detection instruments, display instruments, adjustment instruments and actuators according to their functions; among them, the detection instruments are further divided into temperature measurement instruments, pressure measurement instruments, flow measurement instruments, level measuring instruments and machinery according to the measured physical quantity. Measuring instruments, etc.; temperature measuring instruments are further divided into contact type temperature measuring instruments and non-contact type temperature measuring instruments according to the measuring method; contact type temperature measuring instruments can be further divided into thermoelectric type, expansion type, resistance type and the like. The classification of other types of instruments is generally similar, mainly related to the development process, usage habits and classification of related products. There is no uniform standard for the classification of instruments and meters, and there are similar situations in the naming of instruments. The main technical indicators for measuring instrument performance are accuracy, sensitivity, and response time. Accuracy indicates how consistent the meter's measurement results are with the measured true value. The accuracy of the instrument is usually expressed by the accuracy level, such as 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, etc. 0.1 indicates that the total error of the instrument does not exceed ±0.1%. The small number of accuracy grades indicates that the system's systematic error and random error are small, that is, the instrument is precise. Sensitivity indicates the ratio of the increment of the measured value to the incremental value of the meter when the measured quantity has a small increment. It reflects the minimum measured value that the meter can measure. The response time is when the meter inputs a step. The time interval from the initial value to the final stable value for the first time is generally specified as the time to reach 95% of the stable value; in addition, there are repeatability, linearity, hysteresis, dead zone, drift, etc. Technical indicators. Advances in science and technology continue to place higher demands on instrumentation. Instrumentation is an important technical tool in modern scientific research experiments, precision test systems, automatic inspection and control systems for production processes, and various management automation systems. In order to further improve the performance of instrumentation, enhance the ability to withstand harsh environments, improve reliability and service life, instrumentation will continue to take advantage of new working principles and the use of new materials and new components. For example, the principles of ultrasonic microwave, radiation, infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, superconductivity, laser, etc., and various new semiconductor sensitive components, integrated circuits, integrated optical paths, optical fibers and the like are used. Its purpose is to achieve miniaturization of instrumentation, weight reduction, production cost reduction, and ease of use and maintenance. Another important trend is to improve the performance of instrumentation through the use of microcomputers, and to improve the automation, intelligence and data processing capabilities of instrumentation itself. Instrumentation is not only for single-top use, but also can be combined with electronic computers through standard interfaces and data channels to form a comprehensive test control management system to meet higher requirements. Concerned about surprises Label: Pre-existing temperature measuring instrument Acidity meter Linearity Integrated light path Previous: Three major aspects of CNC tool grinding machine future development direction Next: Three characteristics analysis of China's hardware market operation status Steel Fabrication,Machining Services,Steel Custom Fabrication Service Lisheng Trading Co., Ltd. , http://www.jnbuckles.com