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Research progress on potential sensing technology of polymer sensitive membrane in coastal zone
The polymer membrane ion-selective electrode is a type of potentiometric sensor that emerged in the 1960s. It is known for its high selectivity, ease of use, cost-effectiveness, and stable performance. As a result, it has found extensive applications in clinical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and other fields. To further enhance the response characteristics of membrane electrodes and expand their potential sensing applications, Dr. Qin Wei from the Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Process and Bioremediation at the Yantai Institute of Coastal Studies, Chinese Academy of Sciences, conducted a comprehensive study.
**1. High-sensitivity potential detection under strong electrolyte background conditions**
One of the main challenges in using ion-selective electrodes is the interference from background ions, especially in complex matrices like seawater. To address this issue, the research team developed an asymmetric polymer ion-selective membrane. Instead of uniformly incorporating the lipophilic ion exchanger within the polymer, they applied it directly on the membrane surface. This approach effectively prevented the diffusion of main ions into the membrane, significantly improving the sensitivity of the electrode for detecting trace ions. Additionally, the use of a rotating electrode reduced the thickness of the aqueous diffusion layer, enhancing the diffusion rate of ions. Using copper ions as a target, the system successfully detected low concentrations of copper in a 0.5 mol/L NaCl background with a detection limit of 3.5 × 10â»Â¹â° mol/L. This breakthrough opens new possibilities for trace heavy metal detection in seawater. The findings were published in *Analytical Chemistry* (2012, 84(24), 10509–10513; IF=5.856).
**2. Potential-based biosensing using unsteady-state intermediate products**
Traditional biosensing methods typically rely on the potential signals of reactants or steady-state products. However, some important chemical reactions involve non-ionic species, making them unsuitable for potentiometric detection. To overcome this limitation, the research group introduced a novel concept: detecting potential responses from ionized intermediate products. By designing a sensitive membrane that can selectively capture these intermediates, they achieved highly sensitive detection of reactions. For example, in the peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of N,N',N,N'-tetramethylbenzidine, the system captured transient cation radicals and imine cations using a dinonylnaphthalenesulfonic acid-doped polymer film. This method achieved a hydrogen peroxide detection limit of 10â»â¹ M, which is three orders of magnitude lower than existing techniques. It is suitable for detecting hydrogen peroxide in environmental samples such as seawater and rainwater. The work was published in *Chemical Communications* (2012, 48, 4073–4075; IF=6.169).
**3. A new biosensing model based on neutral molecule potential response**
The potential response of neutral phenol molecules on polymer membranes has been a significant discovery in potentiometric analysis over the past two decades. However, due to low sensitivity, it has not been widely used in environmental or biological analysis. In this study, the research team discovered that neutral oligomeric phenols exhibit a much stronger anionic potential response compared to monomeric phenols on quaternary ammonium salt-doped polymer membranes. Based on this finding, they developed the first potentiometric nuclease biosensor by using G-quadruplex nuclease to generate oligomeric phenol from phenol. Compared to optical methods, this approach offers advantages such as higher sensitivity, lower cost, and resistance to color and turbidity. It enables nucleic acid hybridization and DNA damage detection in homogeneous solutions, showing great potential in analyzing the toxicity of environmental pollutants. The results were published online in *Analytical Chemistry* (2013, DOI: 10.1021/ac3035629; IF=5.856).