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Farmland irrigation, pay attention to four fertilizers, do not apply
Water-flooding, also known as "flushing and fertilizing," is a method of top-dressing that provides additional nutrients during the rapid growth phase of crops. While it serves as a supplementary fertilization technique and cannot replace main fertilization methods like base fertilizer, its convenience and speed make it widely used in vegetable fields and irrigated areas for growing high-value crops and specialty foods.
Currently, this method is commonly applied during the active growth stages of vegetables, especially in greenhouse and open-field cultivation. Due to its quick effects—visible within 2-5 days through changes in leaf color and plant height—it appeals to growers eager for fast results, which has led to its long-term widespread use.
Considering the goals of high yield, quality, and efficiency in agriculture, along with environmental protection and the decreasing availability of rural labor, it's important to leverage the benefits of water-flooding while avoiding its drawbacks. Below are key technical points to ensure effective application:
1. **Proper Selection of Fertilizer Types**
Only water-soluble fertilizers should be used. Common nitrogen sources include urea, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium sulfate. For potassium, potassium chloride and potassium sulfate are typically used, with potassium nitrate also being an option. However, phosphate fertilizers such as monoammonium or diammonium phosphate should not be applied via water, as they have poor mobility and tend to bind in the soil, limiting root absorption. Phosphorus is best applied by incorporating it directly into the soil for better utilization.
2. **Appropriate Nutrient Dosage per Application**
In high-yield vegetable farming, the amount of pure nitrogen should be limited to 2–3 kg per mu (approximately 0.067 hectares), with nitrate nitrogen kept below 2–3 kg per mu. Potassium (as K₂O) should generally be around 2–4 kg per mu. Excessive amounts lead to nutrient waste, reduced fertilizer efficiency, and potential water pollution. Typically, two applications per growing season are sufficient.
3. **Timing of Fertilization**
Fertilization should occur during the peak growth period of crops. For example, when vegetables are fruiting, melons are maturing, or Chinese cabbage is in the bagging stage, or during autumn vegetable cultivation when temperatures drop and soil mineralization slows down, making it ideal for nutrient uptake.
4. **Control of Water Volume**
During irrigation, care must be taken to avoid overwatering, which can wash away nutrients. The water level in ditches should be carefully managed to prevent nutrient loss due to runoff.
Many farmers rely on this method, and it can be very effective when used correctly. However, some tend to overuse nitrogen-rich fertilizers or apply them excessively, leading to issues like elongated stems, lower quality, reduced fertilizer efficiency, increased nitrogen leaching, and soil salinization.
Some misuse granular high-concentration compound fertilizers or use insoluble solid organic fertilizers or microbial products, which are not suitable for this method.
In summary, the principle of water-flooding should be applied timely and in appropriate amounts, mainly for top-dressing in intensive vegetable production, focusing on nitrogen and potassium. There are four types of fertilizers that should not be used:
1. Do not apply phosphorus;
2. Do not use granular compound fertilizer;
3. Do not use non-processed solid organic fertilizer;
4. Do not apply microbial preparations or unfertilized materials.
Author: Chen Hui
Source: Xingtang County Agricultural Bureau, Hebei Province
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