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Research progress in copper, zinc, tin, sulfur, selenium thin film solar cells in the Institute of Physics
The copper-zinc-tin-sulfur-selenium (CZTSSe) solar cell represents a promising advancement in thin-film photovoltaics, thanks to its impressive light absorption properties, excellent low-light performance, environmental friendliness, and affordability. A dedicated team led by Meng Qingbo from the Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, has made significant strides in this field over several years. Their research spans the fabrication of high-quality CZTSSe thin films, optimizing interfaces, analyzing carrier dynamics, and enhancing cell efficiency. One notable achievement involved developing a germanium doping strategy within a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) system, which successfully addressed both back-interface defects and bulk phase issues, leading to a certified battery efficiency of 12.8%. Additionally, introducing an organic electron transport layer (PCBM) improved charge extraction, resulting in a 12.9% efficiency. Through innovative solvent engineering, they also created an eco-friendly aqueous solution system, investigating the effects of small molecule ligand-metal ion interactions on precursor film growth and device performance, achieving a certified efficiency of 12.8%.
Recently, Meng Qingbo’s team collaborated with Xin Hao from Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications to manipulate the selenization reaction rate in semi-enclosed graphite cartridges by adjusting chamber pressure. This approach influenced the phase evolution process of copper, zinc, tin, sulfur, and selenium films. By increasing the chamber pressure, in-situ real-time partial pressure monitoring revealed that selenium's partial pressure was initially suppressed, reducing collisions between the precursor film and gaseous selenium during the initial heating stages (200-400°C). Simultaneously, the elevated pressure hindered non-uniform element diffusion. These conditions delayed the onset of phase evolution to temperatures exceeding 400°C, preventing the formation of mesophases like CuxSe and Cu2SnSe3 on the precursor film's surface. Consequently, the entire phase transformation occurred in one step, yielding an absorber layer with superior crystal quality, fewer internal voids, and drastically reduced surface defect concentrations. The body phase defect concentration of the fabricated battery dropped nearly tenfold, boosting electrical performance significantly. This breakthrough led to solar cells with an efficiency of 14.1% (certified full-area efficiency of 13.8%), marking the highest efficiency ever reported for CZTSSe solar cells. This study offers valuable insights into dynamically regulating phase evolution processes and serves as a reference for growing other polycrystalline thin films.
These findings have been published in *Nature Energy* under the title "Control of the Phase Evolution of Kesterite by Tuning of the Selenium Partial Pressure for Solar Cells with 13.8% Certified Efficiency." The research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
*Figure 1. (a) Schematic diagram of the phase evolution path of copper, zinc, tin, sulfur, and selenium; (b) In-situ monitored selenium partial pressure curves under varying cavity pressures; (c) Certification report of copper, zinc, tin, sulfur, and selenium solar cells.*
*Figure 2. (a) SEM images of the control group absorber layer (front and cross-section); (b) SEM images of the experimental group absorber layer (front and cross-section); (c) Energy band structure of the control group absorber layer; (d) Energy band structure of the experimental group absorber layer.*
This research not only advances the scientific understanding of CZTSSe solar cells but also opens up new avenues for improving their efficiency and scalability, making them a more viable option for renewable energy solutions in the future.