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Research on whole small molecule organic solar cells has made progress
Organic solar cells (OSCs) have garnered significant attention and research interest due to their lightweight nature, solution-processability, and cost-effectiveness. Presently, high-efficiency OSCs rely on an active layer composed of polymer donors paired with small-molecular non-fullerene acceptors. However, the inherent polydispersity of polymer molecular weights leads to batch-to-batch variations, impacting photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE), which poses challenges for large-scale production. Conversely, full-small molecule organic solar cells are gaining traction because of their defined chemical structures, excellent reproducibility, and minimal batch inconsistencies. Nevertheless, the undesirable microphase separation within these cells hampers further improvements in PCE. Structures like ADA-type receptors present a formidable challenge in regulating phase morphology, as achieving both high crystallinity and appropriate phase separation scales often results in trade-offs, leading to relatively lower efficiencies (typically below 16%).
Dr. Ge Ziyi, leading the organic optoelectronic materials and devices team at the Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, has previously demonstrated through research (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2020, 59, 2808-2815) that introducing bifluorine atoms into small molecule donors significantly enhances molecular pi-pi stacking, exciton dissociation, and charge transport. This approach achieved a PCE exceeding 13%. Further optimization of the post-treatment process elevated the full small molecule device's PCE to 15.4%, while elucidating the differing mechanisms of thermal annealing and solvent annealing in adjusting active layer morphology (Adv. Energy Mater., 2021, 2100800).
Recently, the team has achieved noteworthy advancements in all-small molecule organic solar cells. For the first time, they applied an asymmetric substitution strategy to small molecule donor materials. By integrating various end groups with varying electron-withdrawing capabilities—cyanoacetate (CA), rhodamine (Reh), and indenone (ID)—a series of novel small molecule donor materials were synthesized: SM-CA, SM-CA-Reh, SM-Reh, SM-CA-ID, and SM-ID. When blended with the small molecule receptor N3, the device based on SM-CA-Reh:N3 combines the high fill factor of SM-CA:N3 and the high current of SM-Reh:N3, resulting in a remarkable increase in efficiency from 15.41% (SM-CA:N3) to 16.34%. This efficiency represents the highest value reported publicly for binary all-small-molecule solar cells. Devices based on SM-CA-ID and SM-ID exhibited progressively lower efficiencies, at 8.20% and 2.76%, respectively. Microscopic characterization revealed that molecular pi-pi stacking primarily determines phase separation morphology, rather than crystallinity or dipole moment. The introduction of rhodamine in SM-CA-Reh:N3 led to slightly larger phase sizes while maintaining the favorable phase separation network seen in SM-CA:N3, underscoring the integrated photovoltaic performance of this material.
These findings were published in *Advanced Materials* under the title "Asymmetric Substitution of End-Groups Triggers 16.34% Efficiency for All-Small-Molecule Organic Solar Cells." The research was supported by the National Nanoscience Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and South China University of Technology, receiving funding from the National Outstanding Youth Science Foundation and the National Natural Science Foundation, among others.
The strategic end-group regulation of small molecule donor materials and their impact on OSC performance showcases a promising path forward in advancing organic solar cell technology. Future research will focus on optimizing these materials to achieve even higher efficiencies, potentially paving the way for commercial applications.