Editor's note:

 

Since October last year , there has been no effective precipitation in the main winter wheat producing areas of China , and the drought has occurred early and the area is large. The current drought is still developing continuously, posing a serious threat to the management of spring wheat fields. In order to scientifically guide all localities to strengthen spring field management, the Ministry of Agriculture organized experts to formulate the " 2011 Winter Wheat Drought-Resistance Spring Tube Technical Program", requiring local governments to implement classified guidance, scientifically manage fertilizer and water, and implement drought-resistant droughts due to time, land, seedlings, and spring tube technology to promote measures to promote winter wheat normal growth and development, and strive to win the summer grain harvest.

2011 winter wheat drought resistance spring tube technology program

Ministry of Agriculture Wheat Expert Guidance Group

(February 9, 2011)

　　

During the autumn sowing period last year, the soil in the main wheat producing areas was good, the wheat sowing period was concentrated, the seeding quality was high, the emergence was neat, and the seedlings were generally better before winter. However , since October last year , there has been no effective precipitation in the main winter wheat producing areas such as North China and Huanghuai . The drought has occurred early and the area is large. The continuous development of drought poses a serious threat to the normal production and development of wheat. At present, the spring has passed, the rain is approaching, the southwest wheat area has entered the jointing stage, the south of the Jianghuai area has begun to rise, the Huanghuai and North China wheat areas will also return from south to north, and wheat production has entered a critical period of spring management. To this end, the Ministry of Agriculture expert guidance group of wheat made this spring wheat field management according to the "drought-resistant and moisture, watering seedling, repression draw hoe, promote strong root suckers," the technical route, give guidance, science and logistics fertilizer, because of the time, location, because seedlings, soil moisture due to the implementation of good field management practices, especially in drought-hit areas back to the early Qing pouring water, turning green fertilizer applied early, and promote normal growth and development of winter wheat, setting up the harvest shelf.

I. Spring management techniques in North China and Huanghuai wheat areas

North China and Huanghuai wheat areas include Hebei, Shandong, Henan, northern Jiangsu, northern Anhui, central and southern Shanxi, northwestern Shaanxi and Guanzhong Plain. For domain spring drought in the area of sustainable development, the temperature rose rapidly, big ups and downs, disasters and spring wheat root growth tiller, tillering, floret developmental characteristics of spring wheat management earlier Zhuazao tube, science and drought, guidance take reasonable logistics fertilizer, dry repression mention moisture soil moisture and other measures to achieve reviving promote root growth tillering, tillering up Zhuang Bao spike, spike attack grains jointing stable, good foundation for high-yield wheat.

(1) Do a good job of watering and nursery in the wheat field with heavy drought

For the winter water that is not poured, the drought is severe, the tillering section is in the dry soil layer, the secondary roots are not long or short, and there are wheat fields with yellow seedlings or dead seedlings, so that the seedlings should be poured and the seedlings should be poured. As the primary measure of spring field management, we must pay close attention to it.

First, do it early and pour "protection water". For the plots where the drought affects the normal growth of wheat, the average daily temperature is stable at 3 °C, and it can be quickly oozing down after watering in the daytime. When watering, it should be noted that small water irrigation is required, and the next day, there is no water on the surface. Avoid flooding with large water, water on the surface, and ice formation at night.

The second is to apply an appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer. For frozen yellow seedlings, dead seedlings or de-fermented wheat fields, about 10 kg of urea should be applied per mu . Appropriate amount of diammonium phosphate is added to promote secondary root squirting, increase spring tillering, and increase tillering rate.

The third is water-saving irrigation, which can be used to protect the water and improve water utilization. It is necessary to pay attention to first planting wheat fields that are severely affected by drought and freezing, and promote water-saving irrigation technology, which is 30 to 40 cubic meters per mu . When watering the surface, the surface should be timely and timely, break the knot, loosen the soil, keep warm and promote the growth of roots and tillers.

(2) Dry land wheat field in early spring

For dryland wheat fields without hydration conditions, spring management should be used as a key measure for spring wheat field management. Wheat after repression, the soil capillaries formed, deep soil moisture rises along the capillary to the upper layer of soil, moisture is conducive to root growth and improve drought resistance of wheat. At the same time, after the soil is returned to the early spring or after the light rain, the application of nitrogen fertilizer with chemical fertilizers has a prominent effect on increasing the number of ears per pan and the number of grains per ear, increasing grain weight and increasing yield. In general, about 10 kg of urea is applied . Do not apply phosphate to the base fertilizer.

(3) Stressing the classification management of irrigated wheat fields

At present, the water-smelting wheat fields in North China and Huanghuai wheat areas have different grievances, seedlings and soil fertility. The spring fertilizer management must be based on the conditions of seedlings and classification. For the water-stained wheat fields that have been over-wintered before winter, the spring management can be managed in accordance with the three types of wheat fields, the second type of wheat fields, and finally the management of a type of wheat field.

First, all kinds of wheat fields must be repressed during the greening period. The suppression can crush the waste, solidify the soil, seal the cracks, reduce the evaporation of water and avoid the drought of the roots; for the long wheat fields, the suppression can inhibit the growth of the aboveground parts and control the growth. The suppression should be carried out in conjunction with the slashing. The sputum can protect the sputum, warm the water, eliminate the weeds, and smash the fine, smooth, and not squeezing the wheat seedlings.

The second is to promote the management of fertilizer and water in three types of wheat fields. Wheat beginning of reviving three total stem mu less than 450,000, mostly late sowing weak seedlings. Spring fertilizer management should be based on promotion. Spring topdressing should be carried out twice. For the first time, when the temperature is 5 cm in the regreening period , the temperature is stable at 5 °C, and the topdressing and watering is started. 5-7 kg of urea and appropriate amount of diammonium phosphate are applied per mu to promote spring tillering and consolidate the tillering before winter to increase the number of ears per mu. The second time in the middle of jointing, fertilization and watering, increase the number of grains per ear.

The third is to promote the combination of control and do a good job in the management of fertilizer and water in the second type of wheat fields. The second type of wheat field has a total stem number of 45-600,000 per acre . The focus of spring fertilizer management is to consolidate the tillering before winter, appropriately promote the occurrence of spring tillering, and increase the rate of tillering. The level of soil fertility is general. The second-class wheat field with a number of acres and stems of 45-500,000 is topdressed in the early stage of wheat, and 10-15 kg of urea is applied in combination with watering . The level of soil is higher, and the number of stems is 50-600,000 . In the wheat field, the wheat is topdressed and watered in the middle of the wheat.

The fourth is to control and promote the combination of fertilizer and water management in a type of wheat field. A kind of wheat field has a total stem number of 60-800,000 per mu in the initial stage of greening , which belongs to the strong wheat field. It should be controlled to promote the combination, increase the tillering rate of tillering, and promote the large number of grains. Spraying Zhuangfeng'an and other regulators during the period of getting up, shortening the base internodes, controlling the plant growth, promoting root system and preventing lodging during late growth. In the jointing stage of wheat, watering and topdressing, 12-15 kg of urea .

The fifth is to control, and do a good job in the management of fertilizer and water in Wangmiao wheat field. Wang Miao acres of wheat field before the general number of stems up to 80 million or more, higher plants, leaves longer, and the lower main stem panicle differentiation process earlier tillers, easy to early spring frost damage. After the jointing period, it is easy to cause the field to be depressed, poor lighting and lodging. Spring fertilizer management should be based on control. Spray the conditioner during the period of getting up to prevent lodging during the late growth period. For the Miaomiao wheat field without de-fertilization, the seedlings should be suppressed in early spring to avoid excessive spring tillers. Fertilize and water before and after the jointing stage, applying 10-15 kg of urea per mu .

(4) Do a good job in chemical weeding in a timely manner to comprehensively control pests and diseases

Spring is a season with a variety of pests and diseases. All localities must do a good job in measuring and reporting, prepare medicines and medicines early, and implement comprehensive prevention and control. Due to drought heavier before winter was mild weeds occur before winter relatively small area of chemical weed control, chemical weed control work should be strengthened after turning green. When using herbicides, strictly follow the concentration and technical procedures to avoid phytotoxicity. Agricultural technicians everywhere should guide farmers to choose the right medicine, spray concentration and spraying time.

In the prevention and control of pests and diseases in spring, it is necessary to vigorously promote the treatment of stages, mixed application of drugs and treatment of multiple pests and diseases. The greening to jointing stage is the peak period of infection of root diseases such as sheath blight, total rot disease, root rot and other viral diseases such as bushy dwarf disease and yellow dwarf disease. It is also the endangerment period of wheat spiders, underground pests and grass pests. It is one of the key links in the comprehensive prevention and control of wheat. Throughout the plant protection department to do the work of pest forecasting, prevention and treatment advice to farmers.

(5) Pay close attention to weather changes and prevent early spring frost damage

Early spring frost damage (cold spring cold) is a frequent disaster in early spring in North China and Huanghuai wheat areas. The most effective measures to prevent early spring frost damage is to pay close attention to weather changes, irrigation water until cool. Since the heat capacity of water is larger than the heat capacity of air and soil, watering before the early spring cold current can increase the water vapor in the near-surface air, and when condensation occurs, the latent heat is released to reduce the variation of the ground temperature. Therefore, in areas with watering conditions , watering before the cold wave can adjust the microclimate of the near-surface layer and have a good effect on preventing early spring frost damage.

Wheat is a crop with tillering characteristics. The wheat field that suffers from early spring freezing will not freeze all the mites, and the wheat axillary buds can grow into long spikes. As long as management is strengthened , a good harvest can still be obtained. Therefore, if frost damage occurs in early spring, it is necessary to remedy it in time. The main remedy: First, seize the time and apply fertilizer. For the wheat field that suffers from freezing damage, according to the degree of damage, seize the time to apply the quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, promote the early emergence of seedlings, and increase the rate of emergence of small tillers. Generally, about 10 kg of urea is applied per mu . The second is to cultivate and protect the ground temperature. Timely cultivator, put warm water, promote root development, can effectively increase the number of tiller, to make up for the loss of the main stem.

Second, the spring management technology of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

The wheat areas in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River include wheat fields along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan, and Hubei. After the beginning of spring, the wheat in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River began to return to green. In this period , the main stem leaves of the first and second types of seedlings were 4-6 leaves, but this year there is also a considerable proportion of late-planted rice bran wheat, and the main stem leaves are only 2- 3 leaves, we must seize the early spring wheat turning green, classified management system should be a result of seedlings, weak seedlings to promote the transformation upgrade.

(1) Early and strong seedlings due to the use of seedlings to promote weak seedlings

For the wheat fertilizer with insufficient application amount of base fertilizer and no timely application of seedling fertilizer, the group is too small and has been de- fertilized and yellowed. After returning to green, 10-15 kg of ternary high-efficiency compound fertilizer is applied in the early stage to promote weak seedling growth and early spring growth. Increase the tillering rate of tillers. For wheat fields with large amount of straw returning, if the wheat seedlings are yellow, the quick-acting compound fertilizer should be applied as soon as possible, and the urea should be used to promote the transformation of the dead plants. For the present, only a single stalk of wheat leaves late sowing, planting density as long as the foot (about 250,000 per acre), should be controlled Miaofei nitrogen fertilizer, manure can be re-applied jointing. For weak seedlings late sowing, wheat less than normal planting density, to be administered as soon as available fertilizer or a nitrogen fertilizer to promote the growth of the seedlings conversion.

In the dryland wheat fields and rice cultivars in the wheat fields in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the plots with poor grievances should be topdressed and watered during the greening period, and drought-resistant and vigorous.

(2) Focus on the application of jointing fertilizer to promote strong stalks and large ears

Production of large area, the focus management is applied in spring good jointing fertilizer, the number of stems and tillers suitable groups I, II Wheat seedlings, in normal leaf fades, topdressing jointing fertilizer near the fixed length section between the first base of the plant , help foster strong stem big ear, it can be generally applied per acre of each urea and NPK 7-10 kg. Of the group is too large, not normal leaf color fades wheat fields, jointing fertilizer should be appropriate to postpone administered, to do leaf color does not fade no fertilizer, to prevent lodging. For the three types of seedlings with too small a population, insufficient number of panicles and severe wheat fields with de-fertilization and yellowing, the jointing fertilizer can be applied early.

(3) Clearing the ditch and defending against waterlogging

From the jointing to the booting stage, although the water demand of wheat increased, the precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River began to increase in this period, and the prevention of waterlogging was particularly important. Before the wheat jointing, the wheat fields that have not opened the drainage ditch should catch the sunny day and open the three ditch in the wheat field in time, and ask the ditch soil to spread evenly without damaging the wheat seedlings. It has been a good start ditch wheat, autumn and winter due to drought, severe collapse ditch system, to timely clear, ensure smooth drainage, so that the rain stops fields dry, no water ditch. Wheat field outside the three channel should be smooth in order to effectively reduce the time spring wheat root for the occurrence of soil moisture, and promote the occurrence of secondary roots in spring, for the latter increase grain, weight gain and create conditions. For the yellow stupid seedlings with waterlogging damage, the jointing fertilizer should be applied in advance, and the application amount of ternary compound fertilizer should be increased appropriately to promote the transformation of the seedlings.

(4) Frost damage prevention and recovery

Early spring climate variability, low temperature cold, when the spring frost damage has occurred, especially in mid-March to late April, mid. In the north, there is often a cold wave southward. At this time, if the temperature drops below 0 °C for 6-7 hours, the already-extended wheat seedlings will suffer from freezing damage. Panicle Development Wheat Plants to pistil differentiation stage to booting most easily cold, the more severe frost occurs later, the greater the effect on yield. After the spring frost damage of wheat occurs, the first is to investigate the degree of freezing of young ears after 2-3 days of low temperature ; the second is to restore the fertilizer to the frozen soil with more than 10% mortality rate of stems and stalks in time to fight for freezing. light tiller and that occurs after the high tillering, and production losses. Tiller generally cold 10% -30% mortality rate in wheat, urea may be 4-5 kg per acre topdressing tiller cold over 30% mortality per crop by 10 percentage points, increasing urea per acre 2-3 kg, but the upper limit should not exceed 15 kg per acre .

(5) Chemical weeding

Last autumn, the area of ​​chemical weeding in this area was small, and spring removal was particularly important. All areas should be chemically weeded and weeded in accordance with weed species.

(6) Anti-falling, disease prevention, pest control

For the wheat field where the population is too large and has a risk of lodging, it is necessary to suppress the control or control it in a timely manner. It is necessary to strengthen the measurement and prevention of pests and diseases such as powdery mildew, scab, sheath blight and rust.

Third, the spring management technology of Northwest wheat area

The northwest wheat area includes the northwestern part of the mountain, Gansu, Xinjiang and other places. The area of ​​dryland wheat is large, and the main techniques for spring management are as follows.

(1) Repression and slashing

Top ridge, suppression, and slashing are the primary management measures in the early spring of the Northwest wheat area. The smashing or crushing can crush the clods, seal the cracks, soak the soil, improve the roots, promote root development, and improve the drought resistance of wheat. Promote secondary root and tiller growth and development.

(2) Early spring 趁墒 top dressing

In the early spring, after the soil is re-slurry or under light rain, the fertilizer is applied with fertilizer or ditch, and the urea is 5-6 kg per mu. It has a prominent effect on increasing the number of ears per pan and the number of grains per ear, increasing grain weight and increasing yield. . If the phosphate fertilizer is not applied to the base fertilizer, the diammonium phosphate should be added to the nitrogen fertilizer.

(III) Management technology of irrigated wheat field

Refer to spring management techniques in North China and Huanghuai wheat areas.

(4) Strengthening the prevention and control of pests and diseases

It is necessary to predict and predict pests and diseases such as wheat stripe rust, sheath blight, and wheat stubble, and pay attention to chemical weeding during the regreening period. Gansu Province should pay special attention to strengthening the prediction and prevention of wheat stripe rust, and continue to vigorously promote the prevention and treatment experience of “accurate monitoring, drug detection, and discovery, control one piece”, early detection and early prevention.

Fourth, the spring management technology of the Southwest wheat area

Southwestern wheat areas include Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan and other places. The main technologies for spring management are as follows.

(1) Spring management technology in plain wheat area

The temperature in the southwestern wheat area has rebounded rapidly in spring. At present, wheat has been jointed, and it is necessary to pay close attention to the application of jointing fertilizer to water-saving, and apply 8-10 kg of urea per acre to promote the growth of large tillers and increase the rate of ear formation.

Large groups of Wangchangtian or plants with high plant heights should be controlled to prevent high back. Growth regulators such as chlormequat or dwarf can be sprayed at the beginning of jointing to reduce plant height.

(II) Spring management techniques for hilly dryland wheat

The hilly wheat area is dominated by dryland wheat, which is affected by the late harvesting period. Some of the wheat fields are planted late, the population is small, and the cultivated layer is thin, which is susceptible to drought in the later stage. For plots with weak growth and lack of fertilizer, the current ditch is applied 5-8 kg per mu to promote growth and differentiation of small flowers. The available phosphorus in the wheat area of ​​the basin is generally lacking, and it is best to use urea and diammonium phosphate in combination in top dressing.

(3) Rice field wheat fields should be protected against waterlogging

There are different degrees of wet damage in the paddy field in the plains and hills, especially from the jointing to the heading stage, which is a sensitive period of wheat wet damage. If the soil is too wet, it will lead to a decrease in root activity, a weakening of the function of drinking fertilizer, a large number of deaths in severe field tillers, and a decrease in the rate of ear formation. Before the spring rain comes, open the side ditch, the ditch, the drainage ditch, strengthen the ditch drainage, reduce the groundwater level, and eliminate the waterlogging.

(4) Strengthening the prevention and control of stripe rust, scab, powdery mildew and aphids

At present, it is the key period for the prevention and treatment of the disease group of the strip rust. It is necessary to prevent the large area from developing the disease, and timely control the spots and pieces of the central disease group (sickness). In late late February to mid-March, the incidence of plots to carry out spraying control, disease control, to prevent a pandemic. In April, flowering wheat into the grain filling stage, to deal with the serious condition of the plots were spraying control to ensure the normal physiological functions of plants and leaves. There is more spring rain in the stage of wheat heading and flowering, and it is easy to be infected with scab. It should be done in the flowering stage. Pay attention to the prevention and control of powdery mildew in hilly dryland wheat. For aphids, we should strengthen monitoring and timely release regional development trends, and increase technical guidance and unified defense.