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Progress in research on perovskite solar cells
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have garnered significant interest due to their cost-effectiveness, ease of fabricating large-area devices, and impressive photoelectric conversion efficiency. Among the materials used in PSCs, tin oxide (SnO2) stands out because of its high transparency, excellent electron mobility, appropriate energy levels, UV stability, and the ability to be processed at low temperatures. These qualities make SnO2 a popular choice as an electron transport layer in n-i-p structured PSCs. Nevertheless, SnO2 faces challenges such as bulk and surface defects—oxygen vacancies (VO), unbound hydroxyl groups (-OH), and unsaturated metallic atoms—that often lead to carrier accumulation and non-radiative recombination losses. Additionally, perovskites themselves can suffer from interfacial issues caused by insufficient coordination among metals, halogens, and organic ions, which may degrade device efficiency and stability. Thus, optimizing the buried interfaces within PSCs is critical for achieving both high efficiency and long-term stability. However, studying and enhancing these non-exposed buried interfaces remains a formidable challenge.
The Shanghai Institute of Advanced Studies of the Chinese Academy of Sciences has devised a straightforward yet highly effective approach to address these problems. By incorporating formicamidine (FOA) into SnO2 nanoparticles, they successfully suppress both bulk and surface defects in SnO2, as well as defects at the perovskite-SnO2 buried interface associated with FA+/Pb2+. This method achieves precise defect passivation. Their findings were published in *Advanced Materials* under the title "Target Therapy for Buried Interfacial Engineering Enables Stable Perovskite Solar Cells with 25.05% Efficiency."
Research showed that both formamide and oxalate ions distribute longitudinally throughout the SnO2 layer, concentrating specifically at the SnO2/perovskite interface. This distribution regulates perovskite crystal growth, reduces both bulk and interface defects, and enhances energy level alignment between the perovskite and SnO2. Consequently, the power conversion efficiency of PSCs rose from 22.40% to 25.05% following FOA treatment. Furthermore, the storage and light stability of the PSCs were markedly improved.
This study offers a promising method for precisely targeting and treating buried interface defects, thereby enhancing PSC performance. The research received support from institutions including the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Guangdong Provincial Basic and Applied Basic Research Fund Committee, the Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Committee, and the Shanxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology. The work was conducted collaboratively by the Shanghai Institute of Advanced Research, the Southern University of Science and Technology, and the City University of Hong Kong.
[Image description: A schematic illustrating how FOA regulates perovskite crystal growth, improves interface energy level matching, and reduces interface defects.]
This innovative approach not only pushes the boundaries of PSC technology but also highlights the potential of interdisciplinary collaboration in advancing renewable energy solutions. As global demand for sustainable energy sources grows, studies like this one provide crucial insights into creating more efficient and stable solar cells. Future research will likely explore scaling up these methods to industrial applications, further bridging the gap between laboratory breakthroughs and practical deployment.